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Petróleo e petroquímicos

Tamanho da partícula é um parâmetro muito importante no setor petroquímico.

 

 

E a forma como as partículas são medidas se torna uma questão central aqui. O Bettersize analisador de partículas a laser é um instrumento muito profissional para a análise do tamanho das partículas. O testador de tamanho de partículas a laser produzido pela Bettersize Instruments Ltd atende ao padrão internacional com alta precisão e repetibilidade.

 

 

O sistema de dispersão úmida do analisador de tamanho de partículas a laser Bettersize pode ajudá-lo a detectar:
Catalisadores: incluindo a pesquisa e o controle de qualidade de catalisadores. Essa é sua principal aplicação em refinarias de petróleo e fábricas de catalisadores.
Gás de combustão: pode analisar o conteúdo de partículas e a distribuição do gás de combustão no tubo frontal das turbinas de gás de combustão, garantindo uma operação segura.
Carclazyte: aditivo para lubrificantes.
Líquidos emulsionados: o tamanho das partículas determina a estabilidade dos líquidos emulsionados.
PVC, feniletileno e ABS: controle de qualidade e pesquisa de matérias-primas e produtos.
Fibras químicas: controle de qualidade e pesquisa de matérias-primas e produtos.

 

 

Um bom exemplo do uso do tamanho de partículas para obter bons resultados é a fabricação de lamas de perfuração à base de óleo, água e sintéticos. As lamas de perfuração são suspensões complexas cuja formulação é manipulada para torná-las adequadas ao processo de extração de petróleo de novos poços e para manter a operação de poços de petróleo em poços já estabelecidos. O equipamento de teste de tamanho de partícula Bettersize tem um procedimento perfeito de teste de distribuição de tamanho de partícula com excelente método de teste de tamanho de partícula e oferece um relatório confiável de análise de tamanho de partícula, que é amplamente utilizado no setor petroquímico.

 

 

As lamas de perfuração foram originalmente projetadas para lubrificar e resfriar a broca de perfuração, o que ainda é sua função principal. Atualmente, uma lama adequada à finalidade deve impedir a entrada de fluidos e sólidos na formação rochosa. Deve-se ter em mente que uma distribuição de tamanho de partícula diferente será necessária se um poço específico tiver uma geologia diferente. Além disso, a lama deve manter o poço limpo, transportando os detritos da zona de produção.

 

 

Por fim, a lama deve estabilizar o poço e fornecer pressão hidrostática suficiente para impedir que o óleo e/ou o gás escape durante a perfuração.

 

 

As partículas na lama, menores do que o tamanho dos poros da formação rochosa, preenchem os poros enquanto estão circulando. Isso leva à formação de uma torta de filtro que impede que os fluidos saiam do poço durante a perfuração, estabilizando o poço. Se as partículas forem muito pequenas, elas poderão penetrar profundamente na rocha, bloqueando os poros e danificando permanentemente a produção. Na década de 1970, Abram sugeriu que o tamanho médio das partículas deveria ser um pouco maior que 1/3 do tamanho dos poros da rocha para evitar o bloqueio. Nos anos 90, Hands recomendou posteriormente que as propriedades de ligação do fluido devem ser selecionadas de modo que 90% das partículas sejam menores que o tamanho dos poros da rocha. Uma combinação perfeita do tamanho do agente de ligação minimizaria o influxo de fluido e partículas na rocha. Atualmente, a teoria do empacotamento ideal (IDT), originalmente usada em distribuições de pigmentos em tintas, está ganhando aceitação como teoria abrangente. A teoria do empacotamento ideal (IDT) pode otimizar a distribuição do tamanho das partículas e indicar a sequência ideal de empacotamento que reduzirá ainda mais a invasão de fluidos e otimizará a vedação do poço, ao contrário da regra de Abram, que prevê apenas o tamanho da partícula necessária para iniciar uma ponte.

 

 

Os sistemas de dimensionamento de partículas, como os produtos Bettersize abaixo, são ideais para auxiliar nesse trabalho.

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Citations

  • Bettersizer 2600

    Functional redundancy as an indicator for evaluating functional diversity of macrobenthos under the mussel raft farm near Gouqi Island

    DOI: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2023.740024 Read Article Go logo
    Zhejiang Ocean University | 2024
    Biological traits analysis (BTA) helps to evaluate the effects of different environmental variables on the traits-based functional composition of macrobenthos. However, research on functional traits of macrobenthos under mussel farming is limited. We investigated the spatial and temporal response of the benthic system in terms of taxonomic and functional diversity to environmental variables of farming and natural stressors resulting from suspended mussel farming near Gouqi Island of eastern China Sea. The functional traits of macrobenthic assemblages under mussel farming were characterized by “medium adult body size”, “vermiform body form”, “high flexibility”, “infauna”, “semi-motile”, “gonochoristic”, “surface deposit-feeders”, “carnivores”, “semi-motile burrowers”, and “tube-dwellers”. Functional redundancy was stable in response to mussel farming stresses among seasons, whereas species diversity showed efficient to evaluate natural variables. Functional diversity was significantly affected by farming stressors rather than natural variables, Further analysis using multivariate methods together with continuous monitoring were highlighted to evaluate the impacts of mussel farming. Our results reinforce the importance of macrobenthic species and functional traits analysis to evaluate human stresses driven impacts in offshore ecosystems. By analysing the environmental variables with different sources, independently, we concluded the main effects of human pressures on macrobenthic community. Such distinction could be particularly effective to isolate variable environmental descriptors and evaluate their effects on functional diversity, making the current approach promising for the evaluation of ecological effects of anthropogenic stressors in aquaculture areas.
  • Bettersizer 2600

    Degradation characteristics and utilization strategies of a covalent bonded resin-based solid amine during capturing CO2 from flue gas

    DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2023.125621 Read Article Go logo
    China University of Petroleum | 2024

    In this study, various types of degradation as well as attrition which are possibly encountered in a circulating fluidized bed temperature swing adsorption (CFB-TSA) process, were conducted experimentally to evaluate the stability of a resin-based solid amine sorbent. Other characterizations methods, such as elemental analysis (EA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) etc. were applied to further reveal the degradation mechanisms. The results showed that thermal degradation occurs from 140–160 °C due to the decomposition of amine group. The CO2-induced degradation occurs from a higher temperature of 160–180 °C accompanied by the production of urea. Hydrothermal stability is good below 130 °C, but the ionic impurities in steam crystalized on particle surface can accelerate the degradation. Oxidative degradation is the most harmful, which starts at a lower temperature of 70–80 °C with the formation of aldehyde. The existence of H2O in atmosphere can alleviate the oxidative and CO2-induced degradations. The employed sorbent has a very low attrition index of 0.05, which is 1–2 orders lower than typical commercial fluidized bed catalysts. Based on the results of stability evaluation, some design suggestions for proper utilization of this sorbent or other similar resin-based sorbents have been provided in an industrial CFB-TSA process.

  • Bettersizer 2600

    De-branching of starch molecules enhanced the complexation with chitosan and its potential utilization for delivering hydrophobic compounds

    DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2023.109498 Read Article Go logo
    Shihezi University | 2024
    The current study aimed to prepare the complexes between debranched-waxy corn starch and chitosan polymers (DBS-CS), and then investigated their corresponding structural characteristics, rheological property and potent application in Pickering emulsion. The results indicated that the existence of chitosan significantly inhibited starch short-range molecular rearrangement for all DBS-CS samples, which was manipulated by both debranching treatment and chitosan content. Interestingly, this is the first study to reveal that the outstanding peak at 1.8 ppm in 1H NMR spectrum for sample DBS-CS was gradually shifted towards a lower-field region following an increased chitosan content. Moreover, the debranching treatment shifted the crystallinity pattern from A-type to B-type and the relative crystallinity of DBS-CS decreased gradually with the increased content of CS. All samples had a pseudoplastic fluid and shear-thinning behavior with an enhanced shear resistance following the complexation. The DBS-CS was applied in a Pickering emulsion for showing a greater emulsifying stability and a lower gel strength than native NS-CS prepared emulsion. Importantly, the encapsulation ability of curcumin in the DBS-CS emulsion was significantly improved, followed by an increase of 15.45% for its corresponding bioavailability compared to the control. Therefore, this study might highlight a potential carrier for delivering the bioactive substances in a green pattern.
  • Bettersizer 2600

    Heat-induced aggregation behavior of wheat gluten after adding citrus pectin with different esterification degree

    DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2023.109420 Read Article Go logo
    Gansu Agricultural University | 2024
    Wheat gluten aggregation during heat treatment is beneficial to the final quality of gluten-based products. Exogenous pectin can affect gluten aggregation. However, the effect of pectin with different degrees of esterification on the heat-induced aggregation behavior of gluten and its possible mechanism are still unclear. Thus, the heat-induced aggregation behavior of gluten after adding pectin with different esterification degree was studied in this study. When the temperature was raised from 25 °C to 95 °C, pectin affected gluten aggregation and was related to the degree of esterification. Specifically, the results of rheological properties and particle size indicated that low-ester pectin improved the viscoelasticity of gluten and promoted gluten aggregation. Thermal properties revealed that enthalpy of gluten added with low-ester pectin (37%) increased from 92.96 J/g to 95.40 J/g during heating process. Structurally, the fluorescence intensity and surface hydrophobicity of gluten added with low-ester pectin (37%) were lower than those added with high-ester pectin (73%). In addition, low-ester pectin (37%) significantly increased the disulfide bond content (from 15.31 μmol/g to 18.06 μmol/g) and maintained β-sheet content of gluten compared with gluten alone at 95 °C, indicating that low-ester pectin was more likely to induce gluten aggregation. However, scanning electron microscope showed that the gluten added with low-ester pectin (46%) exhibited a denser network structure at 95 °C than that added with low-ester pectin (37%). These results will provide a theoretical base for the regulation of gluten aggregation and the quality of gluten-based products by pectin with different esterification degree.
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